@article {1582,
	title = {A global transcriptional regulator in Thermococcus kodakaraensis controls the expression levels of both glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzyme-encoding genes.},
	journal = {The Journal of Biological Chemistry},
	volume = {282},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007 Nov 16},
	pages = {33659-70},
	abstract = {<p>We identified a novel regulator, Thermococcales glycolytic regulator (Tgr), functioning as both an activator and a repressor of transcription in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1. Tgr (TK1769) displays similarity (28\% identical) to Pyrococcus furiosus TrmB (PF1743), a transcriptional repressor regulating the trehalose/maltose ATP-binding cassette transporter genes, but is more closely related (67\%) to a TrmB paralog in P. furiosus (PF0124). Growth of a tgr disruption strain (Deltatgr) displayed a significant decrease in growth rate under gluconeogenic conditions compared with the wild-type strain, whereas comparable growth rates were observed under glycolytic conditions. A whole genome microarray analysis revealed that transcript levels of almost all genes related to glycolysis and maltodextrin metabolism were at relatively high levels in the Deltatgr mutant even under gluconeogenic conditions. The Deltatgr mutant also displayed defects in the transcriptional activation of gluconeogenic genes under these conditions, indicating that Tgr functions as both an activator and a repressor. Genes regulated by Tgr contain a previously identified sequence motif, the Thermococcales glycolytic motif (TGM). The TGM was positioned upstream of the Transcription factor B-responsive element (BRE)/TATA sequence in gluconeogenic promoters and downstream of it in glycolytic promoters. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that recombinant Tgr protein specifically binds to promoter regions containing a TGM. Tgr was released from the DNA when maltotriose was added, suggesting that this sugar is most likely the physiological effector. Our results strongly suggest that Tgr is a global transcriptional regulator that simultaneously controls, in response to sugar availability, both glycolytic and gluconeogenic metabolism in T. kodakaraensis via its direct binding to the TGM.</p>
},
	keywords = {Amino Acid, Amino Acid Motifs, Amino Acid Sequence, Escherichia coli, Genetic, Genome, Genotype, Gluconeogenesis, Glycolysis, Molecular Sequence Data, Multienzyme Complexes, NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Promoter Regions, Pyrococcus furiosus, Recombinant Proteins, Sequence Homology, Thermococcus, Transcription},
	issn = {0021-9258},
	doi = {10.1074/jbc.M703424200},
	author = {Kanai, Tamotsu and Akerboom, Jasper and Takedomi, Shogo and van de Werken, Harmen J G and Blombach, Fabian and van der Oost, John and Murakami, Taira and Atomi, Haruyuki and Imanaka, Tadayuki}
}
@article {1586,
	title = {Identification of a glycolytic regulon in the archaea Pyrococcus and Thermococcus.},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters},
	volume = {260},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006 Jul},
	pages = {69-76},
	abstract = {<p>The glycolytic pathway of the hyperthermophilic archaea that belong to the order Thermococcales (Pyrococcus, Thermococcus and Palaeococcus) differs significantly from the canonical Embden-Meyerhof pathway in bacteria and eukarya. This archaeal glycolysis variant consists of several novel enzymes, some of which catalyze unique conversions. Moreover, the enzymes appear not to be regulated allosterically, but rather at transcriptional level. To elucidate details of the gene expression control, the transcription initiation sites of the glycolytic genes in Pyrococcus furiosus have been mapped by primer extension analysis and the obtained promoter sequences have been compared with upstream regions of non-glycolytic genes. Apart from consensus sequences for the general transcription factors (TATA-box and BRE) this analysis revealed the presence of a potential transcription factor binding site (TATCAC-N(5)-GTGATA) in glycolytic and starch utilizing promoters of P. furiosus and several thermococcal species. The absence of this inverted repeat in Pyrococcus abyssi and Pyrococcus horikoshii probably reflects that their reduced catabolic capacity does not require this regulatory system. Moreover, this phyletic pattern revealed a TrmB-like regulator (PF0124 and TK1769) which may be involved in recognizing the repeat. This Thermococcales glycolytic regulon, with more than 20 genes, is the largest regulon that has yet been described for Archaea.</p>
},
	keywords = {Base Sequence, Binding Sites, Genetic, Glycolysis, Molecular Sequence Data, Promoter Regions, Pyrococcus, Regulon, Thermococcus, Transcription Initiation Site},
	issn = {0378-1097},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00292.x},
	author = {van de Werken, Harmen J G and Verhees, Corn{\'e} H and Akerboom, Jasper and de Vos, Willem M and van der Oost, John}
}
