@article {2349,
	title = {Object-location memory impairment in patients with thermal lesions to the right or left hippocampus.},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Feb 25},
	pages = {1017-28},
	abstract = {<p>Memory for object-location was investigated by testing subjects with small unilateral thermolesions to the medial temporal lobe using small-scale 2D (Abstract) or large-scale 3D (Real) recall conditions. Four patients with lesions of the left hippocampus (LH), 10 patients with damage to the right hippocampus (RH) and 9 matched normal controls (NC) were tested. Six task levels were presented in a pseudorandom order. During each level, subjects viewed one to six different objects on the floor of a circular curtained arena 2.90 m in diameter for 10 s. Recall was tested by marking the locations of objects on a map of the arena (Abstract recall) and then by replacing the objects in the arena (Real recall). Two component errors were studied by calculating the Location Error (LE), independent of the object identity and the configuration error by finding the best match to the presented configuration. The RH group was impaired relative to the NC for nearly all combinations of recall and error types. An impairment was observed in this group even for one object and it deepened sharply with an increasing object number. Damage to the right perirhinal or parahippocampal cortices did not add to the impairment. Deficits in the LH group were also observed, but less consistently. The data indicate that spatial memory is strongly but not exclusively lateralised to the right medial temporal lobe.</p>
},
	keywords = {Adult, Anterior Temporal Lobectomy, Brain Damage, Brain Mapping, Cerebral, Chronic, Dominance, Electrocoagulation, Epilepsy, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Memory, Mental Recall, Middle Aged, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Postoperative Complications, Reference Values, Short-Term, Temporal Lobe, Visual},
	issn = {0028-3932},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.01.002},
	author = {Stepankova, Katerina and Fenton, Andr{\'e} A and Pastalkova, Eva and Kalina, Miroslav and Bohbot, V{\'e}ronique D}
}
@article {2350,
	title = {A battery of tests for quantitative examination of idiothetic and allothetic place navigation modes in humans.},
	journal = {Behavioural Brain Research},
	volume = {147},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003 Dec 17},
	pages = {95-105},
	abstract = {<p>Research into the neural mechanisms of place navigation in laboratory animals has led to the definition of allothetic and idiothetic navigation modes that can be examined by quantitative analysis of the generated tracks. In an attempt to use this approach in the study of human navigation behavior, 10 young subjects were examined in an enclosed arena (2.9 m in diameter, 3 m high) equipped with a computerized tracking system. Idiothetic navigation was studied in blindfolded subjects performing the following tasks-Simple Homing, Complex Homing and Idiothesis Supported by Floor-Related Signals. Allothetic navigation was examined in sighted subjects instructed to find in an empty arena the acoustically signaled unmarked goal region and later to retrieve its position using tasks (Natural Navigation, Cue-Controlled Navigation, Snapshot Memory, Map Reading) that evaluated different aspects of allothesis. The results indicate that allothetic navigation is more accurate than idiothetic, that the poor accuracy of idiothesis is due to angular rather than to distance errors, and that navigation performance is best when both allothetic and idiothetic modes contribute to the solution of the task. The proposed test battery may contribute to better understanding of the navigation disturbances accompanying various neurological disorders and to objective evaluation of the results of drug therapy and of rehabilitation procedures.</p>
},
	keywords = {Adult, Cues, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Humans, Locomotion, Male, Memory, Orientation, Space Perception, Spatial Behavior},
	issn = {0166-4328},
	doi = {10.1016/S0166-4328(03)00141-4},
	author = {Stepankova, Katerina and Pastalkova, Eva and Kalova, Eva and Kalina, Miroslav and Bures, Jan}
}
