@article {48982,
	title = {Behavioral state modulates the ON visual motion pathway of Drosophila.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017 Dec 18},
	pages = {E102-11},
	abstract = {<p>The behavioral state of an animal can dynamically modulate visual processing. In flies, the behavioral state is known to alter the temporal tuning of neurons that carry visual motion information into the central brain. However, where this modulation occurs and how it tunes the properties of this neural circuit are not well understood. Here, we show that the behavioral state alters the baseline activity levels and the temporal tuning of the first directionally selective neuron in the ON motion pathway (T4) as well as its primary input neurons (Mi1, Tm3, Mi4, Mi9). These effects are especially prominent in the inhibitory neuron Mi4, and we show that central octopaminergic neurons provide input to Mi4 and increase its excitability. We further show that octopamine neurons are required for sustained behavioral responses to fast-moving, but not slow-moving, visual stimuli in walking flies. These results indicate that behavioral-state modulation acts directly on the inputs to the directionally selective neurons and supports efficient neural coding of motion stimuli.</p>
},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1703090115},
	author = {Strother, James A and Wu, Shiuan-Tze and Rogers, Edward M and Eliason, Jessica L M and Wong, Allan M and Nern, Aljoscha and Reiser, Michael B}
}
@article {48414,
	title = {The emergence of directional selectivity in the visual motion pathway of Drosophila.},
	journal = {Neuron},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017 Apr 05},
	pages = {168-182.e10},
	abstract = {<p>The perception of visual motion is critical for animal navigation, and flies are a prominent model system for exploring this neural computation. In Drosophila, the T4 cells of the medulla are directionally selective and necessary for ON motion behavioral responses. To examine the emergence of directional selectivity, we developed genetic driver lines for the neuron types with the most synapses onto T4 cells. Using calcium imaging, we found that these neuron types are not directionally selective and that selectivity arises in the T4 dendrites. By silencing each input neuron type, we identified which neurons are necessary for T4 directional selectivity and ON motion behavioral responses. We then determined the sign of the connections between these neurons and T4 cells using neuronal photoactivation. Our results indicate a computational architecture for motion detection that is a hybrid of classic theoretical models.</p>
},
	issn = {1097-4199},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.010},
	author = {Strother, James A and Wu, Shiuan-Tze and Wong, Allan M and Nern, Aljoscha and Rogers, Edward M and Le, Jasmine Q and Rubin, Gerald M and Reiser, Michael B}
}
