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Main Menu - Block
- Overview
- Anatomy and Histology
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy
- Electron Microscopy
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Targeting and Transgenics
- Immortalized Cell Line Culture
- Integrative Imaging
- Invertebrate Shared Resource
- Janelia Experimental Technology
- Mass Spectrometry
- Media Prep
- Molecular Genomics
- Primary & iPS Cell Culture
- Project Pipeline Support
- Project Technical Resources
- Quantitative Genomics
- Scientific Computing Software
- Scientific Computing Systems
- Viral Tools
- Vivarium

Abstract
Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter, and occasionally subserves inhibitory roles, in the vertebrate nervous system. Glutamatergic synapses are dense in the vertebrate brain, at \textasciitilde1/μm3. Glutamate is released from and onto diverse components of the nervous system, including neurons, glia, and other cells. Methods for glutamate detection are critically important for understanding the function of synapses and neural circuits in normal physiology, development, and disease. Here we describe the development, optimization, and deployment of genetically encoded fluorescent glutamate indicators. We review the theoretical considerations governing glutamate sensor properties from first principles of synapse biology, microscopy, and protein structure-function relationships. We provide case studies of the state-of-the-art iGluSnFR glutamate sensor, encompassing design and optimization, mechanism of action, in vivo imaging, data analysis, and future directions. We include detailed protocols for iGluSnFR imaging in common preparations (bacteria, cell culture, and brain slices) and model organisms (worm, fly, fish, rodent).