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4108 Publications

Showing 691-700 of 4108 results
06/01/08 | Breaking the pumping speed barrier in mass spectrometry: discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface.
Gao L, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z
Analytical Chemistry. 2008 Jun 1;80(11):4026-32. doi: 10.1364/AO.50.001792

The performance of mass spectrometers with limited pumping capacity is shown to be improved through use of a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface (DAPI). A proof-of-concept DAPI interface was designed and characterized using a miniature rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer. The interface consists of a simple capillary directly connecting the atmospheric pressure ion source to the vacuum mass analyzer region; it has no ion optical elements and no differential pumping stages. Gases carrying ionized analytes were pulsed into the mass analyzer for short periods at high flow rates rather than being continuously introduced at lower flow rates; this procedure maximized ion transfer. The use of DAPI provides a simple solution to the problem of coupling an atmospheric pressure ionization source to a miniature instrument with limited pumping capacity. Data were recorded using various atmospheric pressure ionization sources, including electrospray ionization (ESI), nano-ESI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) sources. The interface was opened briefly for ion introduction during each scan. With the use of the 18 W pumping system of the Mini 10, limits of detection in the low part-per-billion levels were achieved and unit resolution mass spectra were recorded.

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Cui Lab
10/01/12 | Breaking the spatial resolution barrier via iterative sound-light interaction in deep tissue microscopy.
Si K, Fiolka R, Cui M
Scientific Reports. 2012 Oct;2:748. doi: doi:10.1038/srep00748

Optical microscopy has so far been restricted to superficial layers, leaving many important biological questions unanswered. Random scattering causes the ballistic focus, which is conventionally used for image formation, to decay exponentially with depth. Optical imaging beyond the ballistic regime has been demonstrated by hybrid techniques that combine light with the deeper penetration capability of sound waves. Deep inside highly scattering media, the sound focus dimensions restrict the imaging resolutions. Here we show that by iteratively focusing light into an ultrasound focus via phase conjugation, we can fundamentally overcome this resolution barrier in deep tissues and at the same time increase the focus to background ratio. We demonstrate fluorescence microscopy beyond the ballistic regime of light with a threefold improved resolution and a fivefold increase in contrast. This development opens up practical high resolution fluorescence imaging in deep tissues.

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01/11/24 | Bridging gaps in traditional research training with iBiology Courses.
Schnoes AM, Green NH, Nguyen TA, Vale RD, Goodwin SS, Behrman SL
PLoS Biology. 2024 Jan 11;22(1):e3002458. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002458

iBiology Courses provide trainees with just-in-time learning resources to become effective researchers. These courses can help scientists build core research skills, plan their research projects and careers, and learn from scientists with diverse backgrounds.

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07/19/11 | Bridging structure and process in developmental biology through new imaging technologies.
Lippincott-Schwartz J
Developmental cell. 2011 Jul 19;21(1):5-10. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.06.030

Many unexpected discoveries in developmental biology have depended on advancement of imaging technologies to visualize developmental processes as they unfold across multiple spatial and temporal scales. This essay surveys the recent advances in imaging, highlighting emerging capabilities with an eye toward those poised to have the greatest impact on developmental biology.

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08/02/24 | Bridging tuning and invariance with equivariant neuronal representations
Hoeller J, Zhong L, Pachitariu M, Romani S
bioRxiv. 2024 Aug 02:. doi: 10.1101/2024.08.02.606398

As we move through the world, we see the same visual scenes from different perspectives. Although we experience perspective deformations, our perception of a scene remains stable. This raises the question of which neuronal representations in visual brain areas are perspective-tuned and which are invariant. Focusing on planar rotations, we introduce a mathematical framework based on the principle of equivariance, which asserts that an image rotation results in a corresponding rotation of neuronal representations, to explain how the same representation can range from being fully tuned to fully invariant. We applied this framework to large-scale simultaneous neuronal recordings from four visual cortical areas in mice, where we found that representations are both tuned and invariant but become more invariant across higher-order areas. While common deep convolutional neural networks show similar trends in orientation-invariance across layers, they are not rotation-equivariant. We propose that equivariance is a prevalent computation of populations of biological neurons to gradually achieve invariance through structured tuning.

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07/08/20 | Bright and high-performance genetically encoded Ca indicator based on mNeonGreen fluorescent protein.
Zarowny L, Abhi Aggarwal , Rutten VM, Kolb I, GENIE Project , Patel R, Huang H, Chang Y, Phan T, Kanyo R, Ahrens MB, Allison WT, Podgorski K, Campbell RE
ACS Sensors. 2020 Jul 08:. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00279

Genetically encodable calcium ion (Ca) indicators (GECIs) based on green fluorescent proteins (GFP) are powerful tools for imaging of cell signaling and neural activity in model organisms. Following almost 2 decades of steady improvements in the GFP-based GCaMP series of GECIs, the performance of the most recent generation (i.e., jGCaMP7) may have reached its practical limit due to the inherent properties of GFP. In an effort to sustain the steady progression toward ever-improved GECIs, we undertook the development of a new GECI based on the bright monomeric GFP, mNeonGreen (mNG). The resulting indicator, mNG-GECO1, is 60% brighter than GCaMP6s in vitro and provides comparable performance as demonstrated by imaging Ca dynamics in cultured cells, primary neurons, and in vivo in larval zebrafish. These results suggest that mNG-GECO1 is a promising next-generation GECI that could inherit the mantle of GCaMP and allow the steady improvement of GECIs to continue for generations to come.

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08/13/19 | Bright and photostable chemigenetic indicators for extended in vivo voltage imaging.
Abdelfattah AS, Kawashima T, Singh A, Novak O, Liu H, Shuai Y, Huang Y, Campagnola L, Seeman SC, Yu J, Zheng J, Grimm JB, Patel R, Friedrich J, Mensh BD, Paninski L, Macklin JJ, Murphy GJ, Podgorski K, Lin B, Chen T, Turner GC, Liu Z, Koyama M, Svoboda K, Ahrens MB, Lavis LD, Schreiter ER
Science. 2019 Aug 13;365(6454):699-704. doi: 10.1126/science.aav6416

Imaging changes in membrane potential using genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicators (GEVIs) has great potential for monitoring neuronal activity with high spatial and temporal resolution. Brightness and photostability of fluorescent proteins and rhodopsins have limited the utility of existing GEVIs. We engineered a novel GEVI, "Voltron", that utilizes bright and photostable synthetic dyes instead of protein-based fluorophores, extending the combined duration of imaging and number of neurons imaged simultaneously by more than tenfold relative to existing GEVIs. We used Voltron for in vivo voltage imaging in mice, zebrafish, and fruit flies. In mouse cortex, Voltron allowed single-trial recording of spikes and subthreshold voltage signals from dozens of neurons simultaneously, over 15 min of continuous imaging. In larval zebrafish, Voltron enabled the precise correlation of spike timing with behavior.

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01/09/20 | Bright and tunable far-red chemigenetic indicators.
Deo C, Abdelfattah AS, Bhargava HK, Berro AJ, Falco N, Moeyaert B, Chupanova M, Lavis LD, Schreiter ER
bioRxiv. 2020 Jan 9:
03/20/14 | Bright building blocks for chemical biology.
Lavis LD, Raines RT
ACS Chemical Biology. 2014 Mar 20;9(4):855-66. doi: 10.1021/cb500078u

Small-molecule fluorophores manifest the ability of chemistry to solve problems in biology. As we noted in a previous review (Lavis, L. D.; Raines, R. T. ACS Chem. Biol. 2008, 3, 142-155), the extant collection of fluorescent probes is built on a modest set of "core" scaffolds that evolved during a century of academic and industrial research. Here, we survey traditional and modern synthetic routes to small-molecule fluorophores and highlight recent biological insights attained with customized fluorescent probes. Our intent is to inspire the design and creation of new high-precision tools that empower chemical biologists.

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03/20/08 | Bright ideas for chemical biology.
Lavis LD, Raines RT
ACS Chemical Biology. 2008 Mar 20;3:142-55. doi: 10.1021/cb700248m

Small-molecule fluorescent probes embody an essential facet of chemical biology. Although numerous compounds are known, the ensemble of fluorescent probes is based on a modest collection of modular "core" dyes. The elaboration of these dyes with diverse chemical moieties is enabling the precise interrogation of biochemical and biological systems. The importance of fluorescence-based technologies in chemical biology elicits a necessity to understand the major classes of small-molecule fluorophores. Here, we examine the chemical and photophysical properties of oft-used fluorophores and highlight classic and contemporary examples in which utility has been built upon these scaffolds.

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